The United States is embarking on a series of tariff investigations targeting imports of computer chips and pharmaceuticals, signaling a potential shift in trade policy. These investigations, initiated by the Trump administration, raise concerns about national security and aim to bolster domestic production in these critical sectors.

The Department of Commerce has formally announced these probes, seeking public comment within a three-week period. While most major tariff hikes were paused for 90 days, with the exception of those on Chinese imports, the administration has made it clear that pharmaceutical drugs, lumber, copper, and computer chips remain on the table for potential tariffs.

The investigations into computer chips, equipment used for their manufacturing, and products containing them are particularly broad. The goal is to assess the impact of these imports on U.S. national security. The scope includes evaluating the potential for domestic chip production to meet national demand, as well as scrutinizing the roles of foreign manufacturing, assembly, testing, and packaging within the supply chain. The government also intends to examine the risks associated with concentrating chip production in specific geographic locations, along with the effects of foreign government subsidies, unfair trade practices, and state-sponsored overcapacity on U.S. competitiveness.

U.S. Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick has clarified that pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, and automobiles will be subject to "sector-specific" tariffs, distinct from the "reciprocal" tariffs of up to 50% being considered for other nations. These sector-specific tariffs, according to Lutnick, are non-negotiable and are intended to ensure the reshoring of essential national security items.

The investigation into pharmaceutical imports will delve into the ingredients used in drug manufacturing and the implications of relying on foreign sources. According to Trump, the aim is to bring drug manufacturing back to the United States. Currently, over 70% of the active pharmaceutical ingredients used in medicines made in the U.S. originate from other countries, with India, the European Union, and China being the primary suppliers.

These investigations are being conducted under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, which empowers the president to impose tariffs based on national security considerations. The inquiries must be completed within 270 days of their announcement.

These actions have sparked concerns within the pharmaceutical and semiconductor industries. Drugmakers are worried that tariffs could lead to shortages and reduced patient access to medications. They have been lobbying for a phased approach to implementing tariffs to allow for adjustments in production and minimize disruptions. Shifting production to the U.S. would require significant investment and time, especially for large pharmaceutical companies with global manufacturing networks.

Similarly, major computer chip manufacturers are investing heavily in U.S. facilities, spurred in part by incentives from the CHIPS Act. However, the process of restructuring entire supply chains is a lengthy and expensive undertaking, potentially taking years to complete. The U.S. is heavily reliant on chip imports from Taiwan, a dependency that the CHIPS Act aims to address through increased domestic production.

These tariff investigations represent a significant step toward reshaping U.S. trade policy in critical sectors. The outcomes could have far-reaching implications for global supply chains, domestic manufacturing, and the availability and cost of essential goods like computer chips and pharmaceuticals. While proponents argue that these measures are necessary to safeguard national security and promote domestic industries, critics warn of potential economic consequences, including increased costs for consumers and disruptions to established trade relationships.